Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013 Dec 13;110(50):854-60. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2013.0854.

The treatment of depressive disorders in children and adolescents.

Dolle K, Schulte-Körne G.

Author information

• Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Depressive disorders are among the more common mental illnesses around the world. About 3% of prepubertal children and 6% of postpubertal children and adolescents are affected. Many physicians are unsure about which treatment approaches are effective and how the treatment should be planned.

METHOD:

A systematic literature search was carried out in electronic databases and study registries and as a manual search. More than 450 studies (mostly randomized controlled trials [RCTs]) were identified and summarized in five evidence tables. The ensuing recommendations were agreed upon in a consensus conference in which 23 organizations were represented.

RESULTS:

The recommended treatment of first choice for children from age 8 onward and for adolescents is either cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) (Cohen's d [effect strength]: 0.5-2) or interpersonal psychotherapy (Cohen's d: 0.5-0.6). Fluoxetine is recommended for drug treatment (Cohen's d: 0.3-5.6), either alone or in combination with CBT. The analysis revealed a lower level of evidence for psychodynamic or systemic psychotherapy or for drug treatment with escitalopram, citalopram, or sertraline. For mild or moderate depression, psychotherapy is recommended; for severe depression, combination therapy. Particularly for children, there is a lack of adequately informative comparative studies on these treatment approaches as well as on other, complementary interventions (e.g., art therapy, sleep deprivation, youth welfare services).

CONCLUSION:

There is adequate evidence to support some recommendations for the treatment of depressive disorders in adolescents, but evidence for children is lacking. There is a pressing need for intervention research in this area for both children and adolescents.