"...the internet, that empire of hyperbole, in which everyone clamors for each other’s attention by perpetually exaggerating the importance of what they want to say."

Missed Connections

Maria Popova, Brain Pickings, and whether the internet has changed the way we think.

By LAURA MILLER

"What Figuring lacks is meaningful links, the connective tissue—narrative, argument, character—to make these elements feel like a significant whole instead of a grab bag of mildly cool factoids. In its place is a lot of vaporous palaver about art, truth, beauty, and genius. There’s an epiphany on seemingly every page, and almost anything can set Popova off. A mere five paragraphs into the book and she’s describing a morning when she noticed a leaf apparently suspended in midair that, when examined more closely, turned out to be dangling from a spider’s web:

Neither the spider has planned for the leaf nor the leaf for the spider—and yet there they are, an accidental pendulum propelled by the same forces that cradle the moons of Jupiter in orbit, animated into this ephemeral early-morning splendor by eternal cosmic laws impervious to beauty and indifferent to meaning, yet replete with both to the bewildered human consciousness beholding it.

It’s not as if a writer can never legitimately attain this pitch of lyricism, but you’ve gotta earn it. It takes Fitzgerald all of The Great Gatsby to get to the famous last paragraph about Gatsby’s belief in the “orgiastic future” and Americans beating on, “boats against the current,” etc. Popova reaches for the orgiastic present on Page 3. This overwriting also seems a legacy of the internet, that empire of hyperbole, in which everyone clamors for each other’s attention by perpetually exaggerating the importance of what they want to say. This. Spiderweb. Is. Everything."

Why should the Supreme Court stay at 9 Justices? Mark Chenoweth on Fox News

Why should the Supreme Court stay at 9 Justices?  Mark Chenoweth on Fox News

Strength training reduces additional health risks associated with obesity: Study #PumpIron

Strength training reduces additional health risks associated with obesity: Study

"Obese mice were made to perform strength training over a short time-period. Although, the amount of strength training that was performed by mice would not be enough to change the body fat composition in humans. After this short-term training, the mice had less fatty livers, reduced levels of inflammatory markers and their blood glucose regulation were improved, despite no change in their overall body weight.

'The fact that these improvements in metabolism occurred over a short time, even though the overall amount of body fat was unchanged, suggest that strength training can have positive effects on health and directly affect liver function and metabolism. So may be a more effective, non-drug and low-cost strategy for improving health in obesity,' said Leandro Pereira de Moura, the lead author of the study."

S O S Band - Take Your Time (Do It Right) #DiscoLives

S O S Band - Take Your Time (Do It Right) 

I am a candidate for College of American Pathologists' President-Elect, 2019-2021 term. My vision is here.

I am a candidate for College of American Pathologists' President-Elect, 2019-2021 term.

My vision is here.

#MembershipGrowthPathologistPayment

Today is my father's birthday. I miss him. This book tells his stories from his time as a Japanese POW in WWII.

Today is my father's birthday.  I miss him.  

This book tells his stories from his time as a Japanese POW in WWII.

Diet Alone Not Enough to Prevent Depression in Obese, Overweight Patients

"Dietary and nutritional interventions alone are unlikely to prevent or treat depression in overweight individuals but may be a helpful part of a broader strategy that includes other approaches, new research suggests."

I am a candidate for the College of American Pathologists' President-Elect, 2019-2021 term. My vision is here. #MembershipGrowthPathologistPayment

I am a candidate for College of the American Pathologists' President-Elect, 2019-2021 term.

My vision is here.
#MembershipGrowthPathologistPayment

Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2018 Nov 6. doi: 10.5858/arpa.2018-0379-OA. [Epub ahead of print]

"Please Help Me See the Dragon I Am Slaying": Implementation of a Novel Patient-Pathologist Consultation Program and Survey of Patient Experience.

Booth AL1, Katz MS1, Misialek MJ1, Allen TC1, Joseph L1.

Author information

1

From the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Dr Booth); the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Dr Joseph) and Radiation Medicine (Dr Katz), Lowell General Hospital, Lowell, Massachusetts; the Department of Pathology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts (Dr Misialek); and the Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical School, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (Dr Allen).

Abstract

CONTEXT.—:

Pathologists evaluate human disease and teach medical students, residents, and clinicians. Historically recognized as the "doctor's doctor," pathologists are well suited to be a direct patient resource of individualized, accurate information.

OBJECTIVE.—:

To develop and implement a pathology consultation service whereby patients review their tissue slides directly with the pathologists.

DESIGN.—:

A pathologist conducted patient consultations, reviewing biopsy or surgery findings on a multiheaded microscope or computer screen. The pathologist evaluated patients' understanding of their disease and invited patients to ask specific questions. We recorded patient demographic data and assessed utilization with a short patient satisfaction survey using 6 questions with a 5-point Likert scale and 2 questions for open response.

RESULTS.—:

A total of 31 patients came for consultation; 39% (12 of 31) were accompanied by a friend or family member. Patients' median age was 59 years, with a strong female predominance (90%; 28 of 31). The majority of patients had breast cancer (58%; 18 of 31) or hematologic malignancy (19%; 6 of 31). Of the 31 patients, the survey response rate was 58% (18 of 31). Top-box scoring demonstrated program support, with 89% (16 of 18) of respondents strongly recommending the experience to another patient. Additionally, 78% (14 of 18) strongly agreed that they felt more empowered after seeing their disease. Mean scores for Likert-based questions all were higher than 4.0.

CONCLUSIONS.—:

To our knowledge, this study is the first report of direct patient-pathologist consultation. Early data suggest that the program may provide effective patient-specific education. The high response rate and favorable assessment of the program suggest that it may be a valuable resource for some patients.

Long-term obesity tied to higher dementia risk in healthy older adults

"Over the first decade of the study, healthy people who were obese or overweight were less likely to develop dementia than healthy people at a normal weight, the study found. But after that, obesity was associated with a 17 percent higher risk of dementia and being heavier no longer appeared to be protective."

British life expectancy falls by SIX MONTHS for men and women with experts blaming NHS cuts and a rise in dementia, diabetes and obesity

British life expectancy falls by SIX MONTHS for men and women with experts blaming NHS cuts and a rise in dementia, diabetes and obesity

• Life expectancy in Britain for men and women falls by six months, figures show 
• Men are now expected to live until 86.9 years and women to 89.2 years
• It is a drop from 87.4 years for men and 89.7 years for women in 2017
• The figures have been compiled for the Institute of Faculty of Actuaries  

"The institute declined to speculate on exactly why the forecasts showed lower life expectancy, but experts have pointed to the impact of austerity, cuts to the NHS, and rising rates of dementia, diabetes and obesity."

What Is “Single-Payer” Health Care?

Although the promise of “free” care may be attractive, in reality such a system would impose an unprecedented payroll tax on all working Americans. It would take control from patients and their doctors and put it in the hands of government politicians and bureaucrats. The international track record on single-payer plans confirms that this consistently leads to poor access to care—and even to denial of care. In short, single payer would have the effect of higher costs and reduced access to care for many patients

Semin Nucl Med. 2019 Mar;49(2):161-165. doi: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2018.11.011. Epub 2018 Dec 23.

American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria: Advancing Evidence-Based Imaging Practice.

Subramaniam RM1, Kurth DA2, Waldrip CA2, Rybicki FJ3.

Author information

1

Departments of Radiology and Clinical Sciences, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX. Electronic address: Rathan.Subramaniam@UTSouthwestern.edu.

2

American College of Radiology, Reston, VA.

3

Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.

Abstract

ACR Appropriateness Criteria (ACR AC) are evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians, other providers, and patients in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for a specific clinical condition. The ACR AC are created by expert panels consisting of multidisciplinary physicians, using principles outlined by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality as designed by the Institute of Medicine. The ACR AC are qualified appropriate use criteria as designated under the Protecting Access to Medicare Act legislation of 2014. The ACR AC development process includes topic selection, literature search, evidence table development, appropriateness (risk-benefit) assessment, patient and public input, document publication and ACR AC content dissemination through clinical decision support mechanisms, and periodic review. These criteria benchmark the selection of the most appropriate imaging or treatments, as well as educating radiology, nuclear medicine, and other clinical discipline trainees.

J Pathol Inform. 2019 Jan 24;10:1. doi: 10.4103/jpi.jpi_71_18. eCollection 2019.

Invention and Early History of Telepathology (1985-2000).

Weinstein RS1, Holcomb MJ1, Krupinski EA2.

Author information

1

Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

2

Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Abstract

This narrative-based paper provides a first-person account of the early history of telepathology (1985-2000) by the field's inventor, Ronald S. Weinstein, M. D. During the 1980s, Dr. Weinstein, a Massachusetts General Hospital-trained pathologist, was director of the Central Pathology Laboratory (CPL) for the National Cancer Institute-funded National Bladder Cancer Project, located at Rush Medical College in Chicago, IL. The CPL did post therapy revalidations of surgical pathology and cytopathology diagnoses before outcomes of the completed clinical trials were published. The CPL reported that interobserver variability was invalidating inclusion of dozens of treated bladder cancer patients in published reports on treatment outcomes. This problem seemed ripe for a technology-assisted solution. In an effort to solve the interobserver variability problem, Dr. Weinstein devised a novel solution, dynamic-robotic telepathology, that would potentially enable CPL uropathologists to consult on distant uropathology cases in real-time before their assignment to urinary bladder cancer, tumor stage, and grade-specific clinical trials. During the same period, universities were ramping up their support for faculty entrepreneurism and creating in-house technology transfer organizations. Dr. Weinstein recognized telepathology as a potential growth industry. He and his sister, Beth Newburger, were a successful brother-sister entrepreneur team. Their PC-based education software business, OWLCAT™, had just been acquired by Digital Research Inc., a leading software company, located in California. With funding from the COMSAT Corporation, a publically traded satellite communications company, the Weinstein-Newburger team brought the earliest dynamic-robotic telepathology systems to market. Dynamic-robotic telepathology became a dominant telepathology technology in the late 1990s. Dr. Weinstein, a serial entrepreneur, continued to innovate and, with a team of optical scientists at The University of Arizona's College of Optical Sciences, developed the first sub-1-min whole-slide imaging system, the DMetrix DX-40 scanner, in the early 2000s.

Clin Radiol. 2019 Feb 22. pii: S0009-9260(19)30074-1. doi: 10.1016/j.crad.2019.01.012. [Epub ahead of print]

Machine learning in whole-body MRI: experiences and challenges from an applied study using multicentre data.

Lavdas I1, Glocker B2, Rueckert D2, Taylor SA3, Aboagye EO4, Rockall AG5.

Author information

1

Imperial College Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre (C.C.I.C.), Hammersmith Campus, Commonwealth Building Main Office, Ground Floor, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK. Electronic address: ilavdas@imperial.ac.uk.

2

Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Department of Computing, Huxley Building, 180 Queen's Gate, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.

3

Department of Imaging, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Euston Road, London NW1 2BU, UK.

4

Imperial College Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre (C.C.I.C.), Hammersmith Campus, Commonwealth Building Main Office, Ground Floor, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.

5

Imperial College Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre (C.C.I.C.), Hammersmith Campus, Commonwealth Building Main Office, Ground Floor, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Department of Radiology Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.

Abstract

Machine learning is now being increasingly employed in radiology to assist with tasks such as automatic lesion detection, segmentation, and characterisation. We are currently involved in an National Institute of Health Research (NIHR)-funded project, which aims to develop machine learning methods to improve the diagnostic performance and reduce the radiology reading time of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, in patients being staged for cancer (MALIBO study). We describe here the main challenges we have encountered during the course of this project. Data quality and uniformity are the two most important data traits to be considered in clinical trials incorporating machine learning. Robust data pre-processing and machine learning pipelines have been employed in MALIBO, a task facilitated by the now freely available machine learning libraries and toolboxes. Another important consideration for achieving the desired clinical outcome in MALIBO, was to effectively host the resulting machine learning output, along with the clinical images, for reading in a clinical environment. Finally, a range of legal, ethical, and clinical acceptance issues should be considered when attempting to incorporate computer-assisting tools into clinical practice. The road from translating computational methods into potentially useful clinical tools involves an analytical, stepwise adaptation approach, as well as engagement of a multidisciplinary team.

Calorie counts on menu offer recipe to tackle obesity, study reveals

Blind test on 145 diners shows that people tend to choose lighter dishes when health information is printed next to the price

Pathology is a diverse medical specialty; now it strives to be more inclusive. I am a candidate for the College of American Pathologists President-Elect, 2019-2021 term, and my thoughts on pathologist inclusion can be found on my candidacy website.

Pathology is a diverse medical specialty; now it strives to be more inclusive.  

I am a candidate for the College of American Pathologists President-Elect, 2019-2021 term, and my thoughts on pathologist inclusion can be found on my candidacy website here.

The Legal Aspects of Diversity in Academic Pathology.

Acad Pathol. 2018 Nov 14;5:2374289518811142. doi: 10.1177/2374289518811142. eCollection 2018 Jan-Dec.

The Legal Aspects of Diversity in Academic Pathology.

Allen TC1.

Author information

1

Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.

Abstract

Diversity and inclusion in academic pathology center on building a diverse, inclusive pathology faculty. Understanding the basics of federal law, and the US Supreme Court cases that interpret those laws, allows one to consider good practices in diversity hire recruitment and retention that protects the pathology chair, the pathology department, and the institution. Consideration of inclusion and unconscious bias are helpful in building and sustaining robust, valuable academic pathology faculty diversity.

Children With Obesity Have Lower Immune Response to Vaccinations

Steve Duffy 

"The researchers concluded that 'increasing BMI% and HbA1c levels [are] associated with overall lower vaccine titers. Obese children (BMI≥95%) were more likely to have impaired pneumococcal titers when compared to non-obese children (BMI, 25%-94%) in a prospective, population-based cohort study.'"

From The Pathologist: Through My Eyes and The Dream of Diversity

Through My Eyes

The experience of a Black woman in pathology

Valerie Fitzhugh | 01/25/2019 

The Dream of Diversity

Increasing the African-American presence in pathology

Angelina Knott, Robin Suggs, and Timothy Craig Allen | 01/25/2019 

The Rise of the Pedantic Professor

When academic self-regard becomes an intellectual style

By Sam Fallon MARCH 01, 2019

"But the real answer may lie elsewhere, in the anxiety with which humanists watch their marginalization in the university and in the public at large. Battered by a program of relentless austerity that has virtually shuttered the academic job market, cowed by the increasing institutional prestige of the STEM fields, and wearied by the provocations of Trumpian reaction, the humanities increasingly seem at risk of disappearing altogether. Under the circumstances, who could blame historians and literature professors for clinging to the shreds of authority left them? Among those shreds, no doubt, is the possession of expert knowledge, a form of capital whose readiest currency is the potted fact."

The real cost of being sleep-deprived

"Making the sleepless scenario worse, people with habitually poor sleeping patterns also tend to have unhealthy lifestyle habits like drinking alcohol, smoking and lack of exercise – combining these with insufficient sleep further increases the risk of developing chronic diseases."

Revisiting localized malignant mesothelioma

Ann Diagn Pathol. 2019 Feb 19;39:74-77. doi: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2019.02.014. [Epub ahead of print]

Revisiting localized malignant mesothelioma.

Mann S1, Khawar S2, Moran C2, Kalhor N3.

Author information

1

St. Josephs Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA.

2

The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.

3

The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. Electronic address: nkalhor@mdanderson.org.

Abstract

Malignant Mesothelioma is an uncommon tumor that usually presents with diffuse pleural involvement and carries a dismal prognosis. Rarely, however, it can present as a localized, circumscribed mass or focal pleural lesion without evidence of diffuse spread. We found four such cases in our database. Three patients had localized epithelioid malignant mesothelioma and one had localized sarcomatoid mesothelioma. These localized tumors are a potential diagnostic pitfall for the pathologists as well as radiologists, especially those practicing in a community setting. Herein we discuss the clinicopathologic features of our cases along with a review of literature.

Emotion. 2019 Feb 28. doi: 10.1037/emo0000588. [Epub ahead of print]

Nudging the better angels of our nature: A field experiment on morality and well-being.

Waytz A1, Hofmann W2.

Author information

1

Kellogg School of Management.

2

Department of Psychology.

Abstract

A field experiment examines how moral behavior, moral thoughts, and self-benefiting behavior affect daily well-being. Using experience sampling technology, we randomly grouped participants over 10 days to either behave morally, have moral thoughts, or do something positive for themselves. Participants received treatment-specific instructions in the morning of 5 days and no instructions on the other 5 control days. At each day's end, participants completed measures that examined, among others, subjective well-being, self-perceived morality and empathy, and social isolation and closeness. Full analyses found limited evidence for treatment- versus control-day differences. However, restricting analyses to occasions on which participants complied with instructions revealed treatment- versus control-day main effects on all measures, while showing that self-perceived morality and empathy toward others particularly increased in the moral deeds and moral thoughts group. These findings suggest that moral behavior, moral thoughts, and self-benefiting behavior are all effective means of boosting well-being, but only moral deeds and, perhaps surprisingly, also moral thoughts strengthen the moral self-concept and empathy. Results from an additional study assessing laypeople's predictions suggest that people do not fully intuit this pattern of results.

What's causing the rise in young adult colorectal cancer?

"He said colorectal cancer is caused by many factors - some that we can control and some that we cannot.

To lower risk, he said it's essential to manage the lifestyle factors that are within our control.

'The things we can control such as our diet, the amount of exercise we do, smoking or not smoking, and basically your sedentary lifestyle or active lifestyle - those things are all very important, and any chance you have to control the things that you can - it's the best thing that you can do,' said Dr. Kalady."

Reading in an Age of Catastrophe

Reading in an Age of Catastrophe

Edward Mendelson

MARCH 7, 2019 ISSUE

Facing the Abyss: American Literature and Culture in the 1940s

by George Hutchinson

Columbia University Press, 439 pp., $35.00

"Contemporary culture, having learned that anyone who stereotypes cultures that are remote in space—on another continent or across the tracks—risks shunning and contempt, has also learned to honor and reward anyone who stereotypes cultures that are remote in time by a half-century or more, as in Mad Men or The Shape of Water, cultures populated by the dead who never feel offended. The motive that drives today’s stereotypes about the past is the same motive that once drove imperialist stereotypes about “lesser breeds without the Law”: the urgent need to convince oneself that one’s own culture has ascended into the light, that its injustices are trivial and ignorable, unlike remote unjust cultures sunk in outer darkness, passively waiting in the distance of time or space for our culture to arrive and correct them."

"Successful prevention or treatment of obesity is fraught with many difficulties, including challenges in having open patient-clinician conversations and overcoming stigma."

Stop the Patient Blame Game: What Actually Causes Obesity?

Nikhil V. Dhurandhar, PhD

"Successful prevention or treatment of obesity is fraught with many difficulties, including challenges in having open patient-clinician conversations and overcoming stigma.

These difficulties are further heightened because obesity is often considered to have a simple cause, when in fact it is a complex disease with a multifactorial etiology."

"Overall, 70.7 percent of Americans are either overweight or obese, meaning that an unhealthy weight has become the norm for Americans."

Your Heart and Obesity

"When you consider that 40 percent of American adults and nearly 20 percent of adolescents are obese – these are the highest rates ever recorded for the U.S. according to a report released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Overall, 70.7 percent of Americans are either overweight or obese, meaning that an unhealthy weight has become the norm for Americans." 

J Altern Complement Med. 2018 Sep 25. doi: 10.1089/acm.2018.0179. [Epub ahead of print]

Dog Ownership and Training Reduces Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms and Increases Self-Compassion Among Veterans: Results of a Longitudinal Control Study.

Bergen-Cico D1, Smith Y2, Wolford K3, Gooley C2, Hannon K4, Woodruff R4, Spicer M4, Gump B1.

Author information

1

1 Department of Public Health, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY.

2

2 School of Social Work, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY.

3

3 Department of Psychology, SUNY Oswego , Oswego, NY.

4

4 Clear Path for Veterans, Chittenango, NY.

Abstract

OBJECTIVES:

The aims of this study were to measure the potential impact of a therapeutic dog ownership and training program for Veterans with symptoms of post-traumatic stress.

DESIGN:

The study used a quasi-experimental design with two cohorts of Veterans-a dog owner-trainer intervention and a wait list control group. Participants completed baseline and 12-month follow-up assessments.

SETTING:

Clear Path for Veterans, a nonclinical, open recreation facility whose mission is to support Veterans and their families in the reintegration process after military service.

SUBJECTS:

Participants (n = 48) were either enrolled in the veterans therapeutic dog owner-trainer program (Dogs2Vets) or were placed in the wait list control group.

INTERVENTION:

Veterans were enrolled in the Dogs2Vets program, a 12-month structured dog owner-trainer program that engages veterans in the training and care of a dog that they ultimately adopt. The Dogs2Vets Program focuses on the healing aspects of the human-animal bond.

OUTCOME MEASURES:

PTSD Checklist, Military Version (PCL-M), perceived stress scale, self-compassion scale (SCS) composite, and SCS subscales for isolation and self-judgment.

RESULTS:

Veterans participating in the Dogs2Vets owner-trainer program experienced significant reductions in symptoms of post-traumaticstress, perceived stress, isolation, and self-judgment accompanied by significant increases in self-compassion. In contrast there were no significant improvements in these measures among veterans in the wait list control group. Qualitative data reinforced the statistical findings with themes of decreased isolation, unconditional acceptance and companionship, and a renewed sense of safety and purpose from their relationships with their dogs.

CONCLUSION:

Veterans benefit significantly from dog ownership in combination with a structured dog training program. Not only do they experience significant decreases in stress and post-traumatic stress symptoms but also they experience less isolation and self-judgment while also experiencing significant improvements in self-compassion.

A philosopher argues that an AI can’t be an artist

Creativity is, and always will be, a human endeavor.

"...nothing but another human being can properly be understood as a genuinely creative artist. Perhaps AI will someday proceed beyond its computationalist formalism, but that would require a leap that is unimaginable at the moment. We wouldn’t just be looking for new algorithms or procedures that simulate human activity; we would be looking for new materials that are the basis of being human."

Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2019 Apr;32(2):227-233. doi: 10.1097/ACO.0000000000000694.

Thoracic trauma in military settings: a review of current practices and recommendations.

Mansky R1, Scher C.

Author information

1

The New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.

Abstract

PURPOSE OF REVIEW:

To examine current literature on thoracic trauma related to military combat and to explore its relevance to the civilian population.

RECENT FINDINGS:

Damage control resuscitation (DCR) has improved the management of hemorrhaging trauma patients. Permissive hypotension below 110 mmHg and antifibrinolytic use during DCR is widely accepted, whereas the use of freeze-dried plasma and whole blood is gaining popularity. The Modified Physiologic Triaging Tool can be used for primary triage and it may have applications in civilian trauma systems. Although Tactical Combat Casualty Care protocol recommends the Cric-Key device for surgical cricothyroidotomies, other devices may offer comparable performance. Recommendations for regional anesthesia after blunt trauma are not well defined. Increasing amounts of evidence favor the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory hypoxemia and resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) for severe hemorrhage. REBOA outcomes are potentially improved by partial occlusion and small 7 Fr catheters.

SUMMARY:

The Global War on Terror has provided opportunities to better understand and treat thoracic trauma in military settings. Trauma registries and other data sources have contributed to significant advancements in the management of thoracic trauma in military and civilian populations.

PLoS One. 2019 Feb 27;14(2):e0212267. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212267. eCollection 2019.

Twentieth century morality: The rise and fall of moral concepts from 1900 to 2007.

Wheeler MA1,2, McGrath MJ2, Haslam N2.

Author information

1

Department of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

2

Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Abstract

Trends in the cultural salience of morality across the 20th century in the Anglophone world, as reflected in changing use of moral language, were explored using the Google Books (English language) database. Relative frequencies of 304 moral terms, organized into six validated sets corresponding to general morality and the five moral domains proposed by moral foundations theory, were charted for the years 1900 to 2007. Each moral language set displayed unique, often nonlinear historical trajectories. Words conveying general morality (e.g., good, bad, moral, evil), and those representing Purity-based morality, implicating sanctity and contagion, declined steeply in frequency from 1900 to around 1980, when they rebounded sharply. Ingroup-based morality, emphasizing group loyalty, rose steadily over the 20th century. Harm-based morality, focused on suffering and care, rose sharply after 1980. Authority-based morality, which emphasizes respect for hierarchy and tradition, rose to a peak around the social convulsions of the late 1960s. There were no consistent tendencies for moral language to become more individualist or less grounded in concern for social order and cohesion. These differing time series suggest that the changing moral landscape of the 20th century can be divided into five distinct periods and illuminate the re-moralization and moral polarization of the last three decades.