Nanomedicine (Lond). 2012 Apr;7(4):461-3.
Dermal toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles: a worrying feature of sunscreen?
"The stratum corneum seems to prevent ZnO NP contact with viable skin cells sufficiently. However, although one has to acknowledge the beneficial protective effects of sunscreens against UV-induced skin damage, including malignancies, there is also evidence from in vitro data that ZnO NPs have geno- and cytotoxic, as well as immunogenic, potential in viable keratinocytes. This is why subsequent investigations on the dermal toxicity of ZnO NPs should primarily address skin penetration mechanisms. Future studies should also concentrate on the relationship between particle size and skin penetration, taking into account specific NP surface properties in order to define detailed risk profiles for sunscreen ingredients. More data must also be acquired about NP skin penetration in compromised and severely damaged – for example, sunburned – skin, since reports in this area are very limited."
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