AAPS J. 2013 Jan;15(1):195-218. doi: 10.1208/s12248-012-9432-8. Epub 2012 Nov 10.
Therapeutic roles of curcumin: lessons learned from clinical trials.
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Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1901 East Road, Unit # 1950, Houston, TX 77054, USA.Abstract
Extensive research over the past half century has shown that curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a component of the golden spice turmeric (Curcuma
longa), can modulate multiple cell signaling pathways. Extensive
clinical trials over the past quarter century have addressed the
pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of this nutraceutical against
numerous diseases in humans. Some promising effects have been observed
in patients with various pro-inflammatory diseases including cancer,
cardiovascular disease, arthritis, uveitis, ulcerative proctitis,
Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel disease, tropical
pancreatitis, peptic ulcer, gastric ulcer, idiopathic orbital
inflammatory pseudotumor, oral lichen planus, gastric inflammation,
vitiligo, psoriasis, acute coronary syndrome, atherosclerosis, diabetes,
diabetic nephropathy, diabetic microangiopathy, lupus nephritis, renal
conditions, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, β-thalassemia, biliary
dyskinesia, Dejerine-Sottas disease, cholecystitis, and chronic
bacterial prostatitis. Curcumin has also shown protection against
hepatic conditions, chronic arsenic exposure, and alcohol intoxication.
Dose-escalating studies have indicated the safety of curcumin at doses
as high as 12 g/day over 3 months. Curcumin's pleiotropic activities
emanate from its ability to modulate numerous signaling molecules such
as pro-inflammatory cytokines, apoptotic proteins, NF-κB,
cyclooxygenase-2, 5-LOX, STAT3, C-reactive protein, prostaglandin E(2), prostate-specific
antigen, adhesion molecules, phosphorylase kinase, transforming growth
factor-β, triglyceride, ET-1, creatinine, HO-1, AST, and ALT in human
participants. In clinical trials, curcumin has been used either alone or
in combination with other agents. Various formulations of curcumin,
including nanoparticles, liposomal encapsulation, emulsions, capsules,
tablets, and powder, have been examined. In this review, we discuss in
detail the various human diseases in which the effect of curcumin has
been investigated.
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